66 / 89
МОНГОЛЫН ХҮН АМЫН СЭТГҮҮЛ Дугаар (367) 20, 2011
65
Nonetheless, in most developing countries
limited or nonexistent housing rental markets
pose a difficult challenge for the estimation
and inclusion of this component in the
consumption aggregate. As in the case of
durable goods, the objective is to try to
measure the flow of services received by
the household from occupying its dwelling.
Finally, for the consumption aggregate, the
estimated imputed rents derived from the
self-reported or imputed property values were
used as estimates for the flow of services
from housing, except when actual rents were
available.
Mongolia shows remarkable seasonal and
spatial price differences, especially for food
items. Therefore, in order to properly measure
living standards, expenditure values need
to be corrected for such differences using
price indices. The household survey provides
information on budget shares for all items
but information on average prices paid by
the household only for food items. A Paasche
price index at the cluster level was constructed
combining information from the HSES and the
national consumer price index. Clusters are
comprised by 10 households in urban areas
and 8 households in rural areas. Households
within a cluster are likely to face similar prices
and have similar consumption patterns. The
Paasche price index for the primary sampling
unit
i
is obtained with the following formula:
1 1
1
0
− −
=
⎥
⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢
⎢
⎣
⎡
⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
=
∑
n
k
k
ik
ik
P
i
p
p w
p
where
k
is one of the
n
goods considered for
the index,
w
ik
is the budget share of good
k
in the primary
sampling unit
i
,
p
ik
is the median price of good
k
in the primary
sampling unit
i,
and
p
0k
is the national median price of good
k
.
Overall, the final price index considers both
food and non-food items for the temporal and
spatial adjustment.
The final step in constructing consumption
for the welfare indicator involves going from
a measure of standard of living defined at the
household level to another at the individual
level. Consumption data are collected typically
at the household level (usual exceptions are
health and education expenses), so computing
an individual welfare measure generally is
done by adjusting total household consumption
by the number of people in the household,
and assigning that value to each household
member. Common practice when doing this
is to assume that all members share an equal
fraction of household consumption. The
final step in constructing consumption for
the welfare indicator involves going from a
measure of standard of living defined at the
household level to another at the individual
level. Consumption data are collected typically
at the household level (usual exceptions are
health and education expenses), so computing
an individual welfare measure generally is
done by adjusting total household consumption
by the number of people in the household,
and assigning that value to each household
member. Common practice when doing this
is to assume that all members share an equal
fraction of household consumption.
Sampling design
The sampling frame of the HSES was
developed by the NSO based on population
figures for 2005 from local registration offices.
The design of the survey recognizes three
explicit strata: Ulaanbaatar-capital, aimag-
prefecture centers, and rural areas and small
towns/villages. The selection strategy was
different in each stratum: a two-stage process
in urban areas and a three-stage process in
rural areas. All 1,248 primary sampling units
or clusters were selected with probability
proportional to size and were randomly
allocated into the 12 months of survey
fieldwork. Thus the survey visited a random
sub-sample of 104 clusters each month. The
8 or 10 households were selected randomly
from the cluster and total sample of 11232
households was also allocated into the 12
months.
In order to obtain representative statistics for
each stratum and for the whole country with