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МОНГОЛЫН ХҮН АМЫН СЭТГҮҮЛ Дугаар (367) 20, 2011
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much of those foods are consumed, good
estimates of the demand system parameters
for food can be used, by applying food-to-
nutrient conversion factors (as sited in Pitt,
1983; Strauss, 1984). I use a food composition
table compiled by the Ministry of Health of
Mongolia in 2008 that contains information
on the nutrient content per 100 grams of
all the major food items in Mongolia to
convert the quantity consumed of each of the
hundred food items by each household into
its equivalent content of calories, protein,
fat and carbohydrates. Tobacco and residual
categories are excluded from this calculation.
It means household nutrient intake
HNUT
is
computed through the formula:
Nj Fij
HNUTi
n
j
∑
=
=
1
Where:
Fij
is the weight in 100 grams of
the average daily intake of food item j by
household i.
jN
is the standard measure of nutrient found in
each type of food item
jF
.
A total number of food items is n=100.
Then per capita nutrient consumption is
estimated converting household nutrient
consumption to per capita using equivalent
adult ratio.
ADEi
HNUTi
NUTi
=
Finally, calorie of meals eaten outside the
household is added to this calculation in order
to estimate total calorie income at household
level. For that I use average price of calorie
at household level and average expenditure of
meals eaten outside.
Per capita consumption
:
Creating
consumption
aggregate
is guided by theoretical and practical
considerations. First, it must be as
comprehensive as possible given the available
information. Omitting some components
assumes that they do not contribute to people’s
welfare or that they do no affect the rankings
of individuals. Second, market and non-market
transactions are to be included, which means
that purchases are not the sole component
of the indicator. Third, expenditure is not
consumption. For perishable goods, mostly
food, it is usual to assume that all purchases
are consumed. But for other goods and
services, such as housing or durable goods,
corrections have to be made. Lastly, the
consumption aggregate comprises five main
components: food, non-food, housing, durable
goods and energy.
As in the case of food, non-food consumption
and energy consumption is a simple and
straightforward calculation. Again, all possible
sources of consumption is included
25
and
normalized to a common reference period.
However, for those components as housing and
durable goods there is more imputations were
employed.
Durable goods:
Ownership of durable goods
could be an important component of the
welfare of the households. Given that these
goods last typically for many years, the
expenditure on purchases is not the proper
indicator to consider. The right measure to
estimate, for consumption purposes, is the
stream of services that households derive from
all durable goods in their possession over the
relevant reference period. This flow of utility
is unobservable but it can be assumed to be
proportional to the value of the good. A usual
procedure involves calculating depreciation
rates for each type of good based on their
current value and age, which in this case is
provided by the HSES along with the number
of durables owned by the household. Shortly,
the stream of consumption is computed by
multiplying the estimated value of the good
a year ago times its depreciation rate, and
aggregating these amounts by household.
Housing:
Housing conditions are considered
an essential part of people’s living standards.
25
Self produced and in-kind consumption is included.