63 / 89
МОНГОЛЫН ХҮН АМЫН СЭТГҮҮЛ Дугаар (367) 20, 2011
62
malnutrition may be ordinally related
(Development economics, Debraj Ray), I
study also the nutrient consumption by poverty
status. Moreover, I will estimate an indicator
of fist goal of Millennium Development
Goal (MDG), which is the proportion of
undernourished people.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND
LITERATURE REVIEW
Nutrient consumption is one of
measure of food security issues. A common
acceptable definition of food security exists.
Yet, the concept of food security is understood
and used differently depending on the context,
timeframe and geographical region in question.
“Food security” is a flexible concept and is
usually applied at three levels of aggregation:
national, regional and household or individual.
At the 1996 World Food Summit, food security
was defined as follows: “Food security exists
when all people, at all times, have physical,
social and economic access to sufficient food
which meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life”
(FAO, 1996). This definition is well accepted
and widely used (Food security, Poverty
and Nutrition Policy Analysis. Suresh Babu,
Prabuddha Sanyal).
The three core determinants of food security
are: 1) food availability, 2) food access and 3)
food utilization.
Food availability:
Information on food
availability usually comes from national,
regional and subregional food balance sheets.
However this indicator doesn’t provide
information on food security at the household
level.
Food access:
Household food access is
measured through food or nutrient intake at
the household level. This is usually reported
in “adult equivalent” units to facilitate
comparison among individuals within a
household as well as among households. The
adult equivalent unit is a system of weighting
household members according to the calorie
requirements for different age and sex groups.
Food utilization:
Food intake data, following
conversion
to
nutrient
composition,
are evaluated by comparing them with
recommended.
In this study indicators of food access and food
utilization are examined to illustrate the pattern
of nutrient consumption in Mongolia.
The state of food insecurity in the World 2010.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
concludes that the number of undernourished
people
22
in the World remains unacceptably
high at near the one billon mark despite an
expected decline in 2010 for the first time
since 1995. This decline is largely attributable
to increased economic growth foreseen in
2010-particularly in developing countries-
and the fall in international food prices since
2008. The recent increase in food price, if it
persists, will create additional obstacles in the
fight to further reduce hunger. However, a total
of 925 million people are still estimated to be
undernourished in 2010, representing almost
16 per cent of the population of developing
countries. The fact that nearly a billion people
remain hungry even after the recent food and
financial crises have largely passed indicates
a deeper structural problem that gravely
threatens the ability to achieve internationally
agreed goals on hunger reduction: the first
Millennium Development Goal and the 1996
World Food Summit goal.
National children and woman nutrition survey
of Mongolia (2004) reports that 19.6 per cent
of all Mongolian children 6-59 months old
suffered from chronic malnutrion
23
or stunting
and 6.7 per cent were underweight. In total, 4.2
per cent of mothers of 6-59 month old children
are malnourished. Of note is the finding that
almost 30 per cent are overweight.
The survey on “Food security and livelihoods
in the small urban centers of Mongolia
(2008)” was conducted covering 4 aimag
centers-prefecture centers of the country. The
results of this assessment provide, for the first
time, empirical evidence of food insecurity
among aimag center residents in Mongolia
22
Undernourishment exists when calorie intake is below the minimum
dietary energy requirement (MDER)
23
Body Mass Index approach were used.