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МОНГОЛЫН ХҮН АМЫН СЭТГҮҮЛ Дугаар (367) 20, 2011
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even though not statistically representative
of Mongolia as a whole. The most pressing
issues relate to the access dimension of
food security. Based on the Household Food
Insecurity Access Scale, on third of households
in the survey population were found to be food
insecure. Data from the Household Dietary
Diversity Score indicator, another measure of
access, found that 11 per cent of households
reported eating four or fewer of food in
the past 24 hours. In addition, information
collected on seasonal patterns of food security
suggests that situation worsens considerably
during the spring months when both food and
employment are scarce.
DATAAND SAMPLING
Data collection
The data used for this study is
obtained from a comprehensive survey of
households in Mongolia, called as Household
Socio- Economic Survey, 2007-08 (HSES
2007-08). The HSES 2007-08 is a nationally
representative survey, whose main objectives
are to evaluate and monitor the income and
expenditure of households and to define a
poverty profile of the country. The HSES is a
permanent survey carried out by the National
Statistical Office (NSO) of Mongolia and for
this study 12 months of fieldwork is used, that
is, from July 2007 to June 2008. The HSES
was conceived as an improved version of the
Household Income and Expenditure Survey
(HIES) because several modules from a typical
Living Standards Measurement Survey were
merged to the HIES which was conducted
since 1966. It contains 16 major modules:
basic socio-economic information about the
members of the household, education, health,
reproductive health, migration, employment,
wage jobs, job search, agriculture and herding,
non-farm family businesses, other income,
savings and loans, housing and energy, durable
goods, non-food expenditures and food
consumption.
Food consumption data that consumed by
household members was collected at the
household level with the Classification of
individual consumption by purpose (COICOP)
and covering 122 items, organized in 13
categories: flour and flour products; meat and
meat products; fish and seafood; milk, cheese
and eggs; oils and fat; fruits; vegetables; sugar
and jam; other food; tea and coffee; mineral
water and soft drinks; alcoholic beverages;
and tobacco and cigarettes. The method to
collect these data and the reference period vary
across urban and rural areas. In the capital and
in prefecture centers, information is captured
through a diary, which is compiled by an
enumerator every ten days, three times during
a month. In other words, the reference period
is one month. In village centers and in the
countryside, a recall period for the last week
is employed. Moreover, all possible sources
of food consumption are included. This means
that the food information comprises not only
consumption on purchases in the market or on
meals eaten away from home but also food that
was own produced or received as a gift.
As in the case of food, data on an expensive
range of non food items are available, 371
items arranged in 38 different groups such as
clothing and footwear for men, women and
children, jewelry and souvenirs, clothing
materials, education, health recreation,
beauty and toilet articles and services,
cultural expenses, household goods, durable
goods, housing expenditures, transportation,
communication, insurance and taxes with
COICOP classification. The HSES does not
gather information on quantities consumed
because most non food items are too
heterogeneous to try to calculate unit values.
Variables and their measurements
The analysis reported here are used
two main variables such as
per capita nutrient
consumption,
and
per capita consumption
.
24
The latter variable is estimated to proxy for
household welfare which is used to determine
poor household.
Per capita nutrient consumption:
Food consumption collects on the quantity
consumed (including from own production
and free meal) at the household level. Skoufias
(2009) supports that since consumption of
nutrients determined by what foods and how
24
Distribution of consumption is in Table A.1 in the Appendix